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Background: Malaria is a major health problem in many parts of India and some parts of Andhra Pradesh, which is also one of the endemic areas for malaria. Several factors have been attributed to increased morbidity and mortality in malaria especially with altered hematological and coagulation parameters playing an important role. The aim of present study was to study the hematological and coagulation abnormalities that correspond to severity and the final outcome.Methods: The present study was carried out on 100 patients admitted during the period of November 2016 to October 2018 at Narayana Medical College and hospital, Nellore. All of these patients were confirmed by Peripheral Smear or MPQBC or Antigen Assay followed by detailed clinical history, physical examination and investigated with hematological and coagulation parameters. Then subsequently required routine and special investigation which was followed by monitoring the outcome of the patients with respect to morbidity and mortality.Results: Out of 100 patients 20 patients had severe anemia (Hb% <7 gm%) and most of them patients were falciparum and mixed infection cases. Thrombocytopenia was observed in 63% of the patients and severe thrombocytopenia (<50,000 mm3) was seen in 12% of the patients. PT and APTT were increased in 18% and 13% of the cases respectively. BT was increased in 5% of the cases. None of the patients expired in this study.Conclusions: severe anemia is a poor prognostic factor and has adverse outcome. Thrombocytopenia, increased PT, APTT does not have any correlation to mortality.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish a determination method for the concentration of cajanonic acid A （CAA） in liver microsome incubation system， and to compare the metabolism characteristics of it in different species of liver microsomes. METHODS： CAA was dissolved in liver microsome incubation system of rat， Beagle dog and human initiated by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH）， and was incubated in water at 37 ℃. The reaction was terminated with acetonitrile at 0， 5， 10， 15， 30， 45 and 60 min， respectively. Using genistein as internal standard， the concentration of CAA in different incubation systems was determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The determination was performed on Waters BEH C18 column with mobile phase consisted of water （containing 0.1％ formic acid）-acetonitrile （containing 0.1％ formic acid） （45 ∶ 55， V/V） at the flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃， and the sample size was 2 μL. The electrospray ionization source was used to the select reaction monitoring mode for negative ion scanning. The ion pairs for quantitative analysis were m/z 353.14→309.11 （CAA）， m/z 269.86→224.11 （internal standard） respectively. The residual percentage and enzymatic kinetic parameters of CAA in different incubation systems were calculated according to the mass concentration of CAA at 0 min. RESULTS： The linear range of CAA was 0.05-20 μg/mL； the limit of quanti- tation was 0.05 μg/mL， and the lowest detection limit was 0.01 μg/mL. RSDs of intra-day and inter-day were lower than 10％； relative errors ranged －4.83％-8.94％； extraction method and matrix effect did not affect the determination of the substance to be measured. At 60 min of incubation， residual percentages of CAA in rat， Beagle dog and human liver microsomes were（62.79±9.99）％，（64.07±11.59）％，（96.66±5.71）％， respectively. The half-life period （72.19， 68.61 min） of CAA in rat and Beagle dog liver microsomes were significantly shorter than human liver microsome （364.74 min）. The clearance rates [0.019 2， 0.020 2 mL/（min·mg）] were significantly higher than human liver microsome [0.003 8 mL/（min·mg）] （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： Established UPLC-MS/MS method is simple， rapid， specific and sensitive， and can be used for the determination of CAA concentration in liver microsome incubation system and the study of metabolism stability in vitro. The stability of CAA metabolism in rat and Beagle dog liver microsomes are poorer than human liver microsome.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for the determination of piperitylmagnolol in the incubation system of liver microsomes， and to investigate the metabolic characteristics of it in different species of liver microsomes. METHODS： The piperitylmagnolol were respectively dissolved in NADPH activated liver microsome incubation systems of human， rat， mouse， monkey and dog， and then incubated in water at 37 ℃. The reaction was terminated with methanol at 0， 2， 5， 10， 15， 20， 30， 45 and 60 minutes of incubation， respectively. Using magnolol as internal standard， UPLC-MS/MS method was used to determine the concentration of piperitylmagnolol in the incubation system. The determination was performed on Acquity UPLCTM CSH C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid-methanol （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃， and the sample size was 2 μL. The ion source was electrospray ion source， and the positive ion scanning was carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The ion pairs used for quantitative analysis were m/z 401.2→331.1 （piperitylmagnolol） and m/z 265.1→247.0 （internal standard）， respectively. Using the concentration of piperitylmagnolol at 0 min of incubation as a reference， the residual percentage， metabolism half-life in vitro （t1/2） and intrinsic clearance （CLint） were calculated for different incubation systems. The metabolic pathway of piperitylmagnolol was studied by chemical inhibitor method. Under the above chromatographic conditions， the metabolites in vitro were preliminarily analyzed by first-order full scanning and positive ion detection. RESULTS： The linear range of piperitylmagnolol was 3.91-500.00 ng/mL. The limit of quantitation was 3.91 ng/mL. RSDs of intra-day and inter-day were less than 10％. The accuracy ranged 87.40％-103.75％. Matrix effect didn’t affect the determination of the substance to be measured. The piperitylmagnolol was metabolized significantly in human， rat， mouse and dog liver microsomes， but not in monkey liver microsomes. After incubating for 30 min， residual percentage of piperitylmagnolol kept stable in different species of liver microsomes. The t1/2 of piperitylmagnolol were 12.07， 17.68， 17.59， 216.56 and 61.88 min in human， rat， mouse， monkey and dog liver microsomes； CLint were 0.115， 0.078， 0.079， 0.006， 0.022 mL/（min·mg）， respectively. Inhibitory rates of CYP2A6， CYP2D6， CYP2C19， CYP3A4， CYP2C9， CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 to compound metabolism were 55.76％， 93.94％， 96.01％， 93.69％， 71.81％， 23.25％， 28.04％， respectively. Quasi-molecular ion peaks of the two main metabolites of piperitylmagnolol in human liver microsomes were m/z 441.2（[M+Na]+） and m/z 337.2（[M+H]+）， respectively. CONCLUSIONS： Established UPLC-MS/MS method is simple， rapid and specific， and can be used for the determination of piperitylmagnolol concentration in the incubation system of liver microsomes and pharmacokinetic study. The metabolic characteristics of the compound are different among liver microsomes of human， rat， mouse， monkey and dog. Its metabolism process may be associated with CYP2D6， CYP2C19， CYP3A4， CYP2C9， etc.
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Abstract Faced with the need for greater knowledge of the different physalis species, the aim of this study was to characterize different Native American physalis species (Physalis peruviana L., Physalis pubescens L., Physalis angulata L., Physalis mínimos L. and Physalis ixocarpa Brot) as to their physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Besides that, in order to increase their use and add even more value to this fruit, we also evaluate the influence of these different species on the physicochemical, rheological and sensory characteristics of physalis jelly. In addition, this study evaluated the sensory acceptance of the combination of physalis jellies obtained from different species with brie-type cheese. The Peruviana, Pubences and Angulata, are highlighted for being the nutritionally richest species, with the highest levels of phenolic compounds, vitamin C and antioxidant. Moreover, they stand out for originating the most widely sensory accepted jellies, either in pure form or in combination with brie-type cheese.
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In this study, 10 samples of parasites, cursive, and the whole from six different species of Cordyceps were determined and compared by HPLC and LC-MS methods. Uridine, adenosine, and cordycepin were selected as the main evaluation index. The anti-fibrotic activity of different species Cordyceps extracts was observed using in vitro TGF-β1-induced ECM accumulation in human embryonic fibroblasts CCC-ESF-1. The results demonstrated that the number of atoms and hyphae ingredients of different species showed little difference, however, the content distribution of each component has obvious significance. The in vitro anti-fibrotic activities of different species were as follow： Cordyceps flower > Cicada Cordyceps (Cicada flower)> Silkworm Cordyceps> Tussah Cordyceps>natural Cordyceps. Our preliminary data could serve as reference for the discovery of artificial alternatives of natural Cordyceps.
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From March 1985 to February 1987 montly cast net and beach seine sambles were collected at the Marapendi lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to describe its ichthyofauna and analyze associations between species and their distribution in areas with different salinity regimes. A stratified random sampling design was used and the lagoon diveided in four areas (1-4) according to salinity gradient. The "Bravais-Pearson" correlation index was utilized to analyze the similarity between species and between areas and also group them according to the UPGMA method. According to the results eight species groups were established. The majority of the species were wuryhaline, having a marine origin and were distributed in areas 1, 2 and 3 (high salinity areas). The formation of smaller groups with species of fresh water origin, which occurred in areas 2, 3 and 4 is also discussed.